Classification of additives
Today, the film producer can choose almost any color and shade within the known range of colors (PANTONE). In addition, there were the so-called special effects – the result of the addition of masterbatch in specific components. At the same time the appearance of products from polymers varies considerably. To apply special effects flyuoristsenty, metallic, Fleck and Flitter. Products made of polymers with fluorescent effect are used where color should be evident. It – road signs and markings, promotional items, clothes, toys and much more. Fleck Flitter and inclusions is the main weight of the polymer fibers or points. The result is a completely unique color of a rock – marble, granite and drugie.Po compared with traditional dye polymer masterbatches administration has a number of significant advantages. This is an opportunity coloring virtually any color, and high quality color on any standard hardware. Lack of dye dust and pollution equipment and facilities. The minimum amount of waste during the transition from one color to another. Easy to use masterbatches. Environmental and safety dyeing process.
A numerous group of special substances that significantly affect the properties of the polymers, referred to as additives to polymeric materials. There are light stabilization additive, antioxidant-Dante, flame retardants or antipereny, antistatic antislipy sliding additives, antiblock, nucleates, modifiers, and some others.

The amount of additives and masterbatches depends on their type and quality, and is usually specified by the manufacturer or seller. If the polymer product is in direct contact with foods, the additives used in polymeric materials and masterbatches also must have permission.

The manufacturers of polymer products when choosing masterbatch should pay attention to the allowable temperature of its processing. Because it begins to burn excess dye, and on the surface of products formed dark streaks. Importance is thorough mixing of the introduction of additives. Manual mixing kneader in the hopper or bucket often inefficient. Therefore, it is advisable to use special mixers, blenders. Either use dispensers for introducing additives directly into the dispensing zone of the extruder.

All additives and fillers can be divided into several classes:

– To improve the processability and improve the technological properties of materials;
– To improve the functional capabilities of materials;
– To improve the aesthetic and / or consumer quality and reducing the cost of materials;
– Supplements for environmental purposes;
– Multi-purpose additives.

Below are the main types of additives and excipients used in modern industry for molding thermoplastic materials. The use of additives in the plastics molding provides additional opportunities to improve product quality and reduce production costs. Basic additives are manufactured as concentrates (masterbatch), which is also called masterbatches ensuring their application using conventional technological equipment. However, be aware that any addition of versatile polymer material affects, improving performance and reducing some others with the introduction of additives. For example, simple staining crystallizing material can lead to a change in its crystal structure, and operating to change the shrinkage properties. The results of the influence of additives may occur during storage or use of products. Further additives may adversely affect the manufacturing equipment and mold (due to corrosion and increased wear).

Antimicrobial additives abiotic additives, biocides

Increase the resistance to bacteria (bactericides), fungi and molds (fungicides). Inhibit fouling material in water (algicides).
Antimicrobial additives to polymers Recently there has been growing interest in the antimicrobial polymer materials, especially in the medical and food industries. Use of these products contribute to numerous studies showing that the items that are in use on a daily basis are able to maintain and distribute bacteria. As a result of experiments conducted at the University of Arizona, found that the potentially pathogenic bacteria found on the handsets, pens, calculators, armrests of chairs, sanitary articles. The study also found that exposure to contaminated sites leads to a rapid movement of the bacteria to a number of other facilities as well as on the human body and digestive system that could potentially lead to the emergence of infectious diseases.

It is known that microorganisms exist everywhere, however, certain areas of human activity are more dangerous with respect to the impact of microbes. Research scientists from Arizona suggest that home, work and other public environments can be major habitat for many pathogenic organisms. The research results make clear the importance of regular hand washing and disinfection of certain surfaces. Hygiene and disinfection, plus the use of objects made of plastic with antimicrobial protection can significantly reduce the number of germs on the frequent use subjects. Reducing the number of micro-organisms to minimize the risk of transmission, so the products of antimicrobial materials can be used in hospitals, food processing plants, etc. The potential scope of use of antimicrobial systems includes the manufacture of fibers for data processing and wound dressings, clothes, bedding and upholstery; film for garbage bags, packaging; molded parts phones, products for bathrooms (handles, shelves and so on.)

Already on the market you can find a wide range of products from the antimicrobial materials, is essential household items such as trash cans, kitchen utensils, pipes, air filters, tanks, mattresses. Also available antimicrobial medical products such as gloves, catheters, dressings, bedding.

The Company Wells Plastics has developed a series of anti-microbial materials with inorganic additives (mainly based on silver), based on a technology that is in charge of silver ions in a soluble matrix. Matrix at the same time protects the silver ions during processing and regulate their output. In these systems, the silver ions are localized in the matrix and are released only in a gradual hydrolysis of the matrix material upon contact with moisture. High stability of the matrix can be successfully used ion-silver systems in many polymers.
This technology is very flexible and allows to develop products for specific applications by varying the composition and particle size, chemical stability, change the solubility of the matrix by ion release control process.

Ion-silver systems have low toxicity, which allows their use in cosmetic preparations. Their use is received FDA approval (510KB). The film containing silver antimicrobial additive has been tested and found to be suitable for contact with food in accordance with EU DIRECTIVE 90/128 / EEC.
Here is an example. Polyester fibers for wound treatment products are manufactured with the content of silver ion system, specially developed for easily hydrolyzed and rapid release of silver ions. Rana is a potentially favorable environment for the rapid development and growth of bacteria. Therefore, the wound treatment requires a high rate of release of silver ions with a high release rate. The action of such products efficiently for several days, and no need to extend the period of activity of protective material properties. Abiotic properties

The use of special, so-called abiotic (antimicrobial, fungicide, etc.). Additives, provides a greenhouse and packaging film, injection molding, extrusion, foam products, resistant to fouling by algae, mold. Shelf life of products packaged in such films is increased. The number of such supplements is low and their use is limited to a fairly narrow areas. In addition to foreign (triclosan sanitayzd) are available and domestic developments, with high efficiency.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are introduced into the polymer during extrusion or injection molding to prevent thermal oxidation during processing and to retard degradation during storage and use of the product. Also, these additives are used to protect the polymer and during operation in hostile environments. The active ingredient – a mixture of compounds and phenols phosphide.

Combined additives

Combined additive light stabilizer + antioxidant widely used in the production of agricultural films. This film is about three to five years, without changing transparency, or barrier properties. Combined additives allow the use of the polymer after recycling for its intended purpose.

anti-radiation supplements

Confer resistance to gamma radiation and al. In sterilization.

Flame retardants, flame retardants
Reduce flammability. Reduce the thermal stability of the material. May cause corrosion of molding equipment. Special antipereny used to manufacture noncombustible films, sheets and molded articles.

Some applications of plastics, such as construction, transportation, mining, electronics, home appliances and so on, to the material stringent requirements for fire safety.
Flammability polymers due to the high content of carbon and hydrogen, which are composed of macromolecules. When heated macromolecule easily decompose into low-molecular weight saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons which undergo exothermic oxidation reactions.

The nature of the majority of polymeric materials is that they can not make a completely fireproof. The only thing you can do – is to reduce their ability to ignite and sustain combustion. For this purpose, applied additives hinder inflammation and reduce the rate of spread of flame – retardants (Flame Retardants).

The action of flame retardants based on the insulation of one of the flames – heat, fuel and oxygen. For the protection of plastic products are usually used various combinations of flame retardant action type having a synergistic effect. Experience shows that the most dangerous in case of fire – a thick smoke and toxic combustion products, so in recent years in the field of flame retardants development direction is to prevent the formation of smoke and toxic gases.
Flame retardants are divided into three major groups:
additives chemically interact with the polymer;
intumescent additives;
additives are mechanically mixed with the polymer.

Additives of the first type are mainly used for thermoset (epoxy, unsaturated polyester resins, and the like). The polyester resins used mainly dibromneopentil glycol (DBNPG), and for epoxy best system considered organic phosphorus compounds. These chemical compounds are embedded in the mesh and do not degrade the thermosetting physicomechanical properties of the articles.

Additives second type combustion is stopped at an early stage polymer, t. E. At the stage of thermal decomposition, accompanied by the release of combustible gases. Intumescent process is a combination of coking and foaming of the surface of the burning polymer. The resulting foamed cellular coke layer density which decreases with increasing temperature, the hot material prevents the effects of thermal flux or flame.

a third type of additives used for thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. There are several types of such additives, of which the three most common are:

halogenated
Phosphorus
metal hydroxides