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<\/a><\/h1>\nPlastics are materials based on macromolecular compounds of natural or synthetic origin capable when heated and pressure molded and under normal conditions stable to retain the shape imparted to them. Synthetic plastics by type polymeric compounds are divided into thermoplastic and thermosetting.<\/p>\n
Thermoplastic plastics contain high molecular weight polymers or copolymers of linear structure, plasticizers, stabilizers and colorants. In the processing of thermoplastic materials, they may not experience significant chemical changes, the finished product retains the ability to melt and can be recycled again. Representatives of thermoplastic masses are polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, various foam and cellular plastics.<\/p>\n
Thermosetting plastics contain low molecular weight polymers, curing with the formation of three-dimensional structure during heating or under the influence of catalysts; they also include fillers, polymers of linear structure, the regulators of the curing process (retarders or accelerators), colorants, lubricants, heat stabilizers, antiseptics. In thermosetting materials occur in the processing of chemical processes, under the influence of temperature and pressure, the material loses its original properties, it becomes infusible and insoluble. To thermosetting plastic masses are phenolic plastics and aminoplasts.<\/p>\n
A valuable feature of plastics is their resistance to aggressive media (acids, alkalis, salt solutions), resistance to weathering, to sudden temperature changes, high mechanical strength, formability in products of complex configuration.<\/p>\n
Plastic is not effective microorganisms, so they do not rot; they can grind, cutting, drilling, welding, grinding, polishing, extrude, cast in molds, melt and push through the holes of different shapes, rolled into a circle, extrude, etc.<\/p>\n
The range of plastics produced in the present time, is very large; most used in the home in the form of various products are polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, pheno – and aminoplasts, polyamides and others.<\/p>\n
Polyethylene (polythene) in a thick layer has a white color, and in thin \u2014 colorless and almost transparent. Polyethylene is chemically stable, melts at a temperature of 110-120\u00b0 C. In solvents soluble only when heated to 70-80\u00b0 C and planted one of them on cooling in the form of a fine powder; in gasoline, kerosene and other petroleum products polyethylene at room temperature, softens and swells, and when heated, partially soluble; density polyethylene of 0.92\u20140.96 g\/cm3.<\/p>\n
Polyethylene produce a variety of dishes \u2014 plates, jugs, bottles, flasks, pots, barrels, basins, baths, tanks, lampshades for lamps and other household items. Products these durable, lightweight, and well washed.<\/p>\n
Very common in household plastic tablecloths smooth and patterning used for protection fabric tablecloths from everyday dirt. In the construction of greenhouses instead of glass is often used plastic film as it passes the ultraviolet and infrared rays. Polyethylene film produce various packaging bags for food storage, clothes, shoes.<\/p>\n
Polypropylene differs from polyethylene higher strength, stiffness and heat resistance (150\u00b0C). Dissolves only in tetrachlorethane at a temperature of 140-145\u00b0 C; density polypropylene of about 0.9 g\/cm3.<\/p>\n
Manufactured from polypropylene tubs, wastepaper baskets, thermos bottles, gas canisters, vacuum cleaners, brushes for clothes, dining room and kitchen utensils and other products.<\/p>\n
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, vinyl plastic) is a solid hard material with a density of 1.44 g\/cm3, it is fragile and not sufficiently heat-resistant (80\u00b0C); at temperatures above 115\u00b0 C decomposes. In 20% hydrochloric acid dissolves at room temperature. Insufficiently resistant to concentrated alkali solutions.<\/p>\n
To obtain the elastic material of PVC plastics in weight enter plasticizers, for example dibutyl phthalate, and receive a so-called plastic.<\/p>\n
Polyvinyl chloride is a very cheap and common polymer to produce a variety of consumer goods. Rigid (unplasticized), the vinyl liner is used in everyday life as finishing, decorative material; it is made of the case of radios and televisions, use for furniture, refrigerators, table fans and plumbing fixtures \u2014 sinks, toilets, plumbing fixtures and pipes.<\/p>\n
PVC compounds used in the production of artificial leather, which is a film of poly – vinyl chloride, pasted on normal tissue (TextEvent). From TextEvent manufactures handbags, gloves, Luggage, briefcases, folders, sandals and other products.<\/p>\n
Textoverlay thickness of 0.1 mm is used for the manufacture of light waterproof women’s raincoats; polyvinyl chloride film with a high content of plasticizer is for the manufacture of tablecloths, bandanas; of plasticized polyvinyl chloride on a special molding machines produce baby and beach shoes, these shoes more waterproof and durable than rubber, and 80% lighter than leather.<\/p>\n
Lately polyvinyl chloride produce a clothesline, the core of which is made from Dacron filament provides greater strength rope; under the weight of wet clothing and the rope does not stretch and SAG, in addition, it is well washed.<\/p>\n
From PVC resin \u2014 Egalite \u2014 make soft toys, balls, and even gloves that are more durable than rubber.<\/p>\n
Polystyrene is resistant to most diluted acids and alkalis. It is insoluble in alcohol, gasoline and vegetable oils; very soluble in benzene, ether, acetone. The density of polystyrene\u2014 1,05\u20141,06 g\/cm3, it is fragile, able to “age” and has a low resistance (70-90\u00b0C).<\/p>\n
Polystyrene is widely used for manufacturing household products.<\/p>\n
On the basis of the chemical styrene is also obtained by the block copolymers and graft copolymers, which differ from polystyrene high strength and elasticity. Usually they are called high impact polystyrene. From high-impact polystyrene manufactured doors and internal parts of domestic refrigerators, the body of radios, televisions, vacuum cleaners, sanitary equipment, as well as trays, vases, salad bowls, dishes, biscuit dishes, decanters.<\/p>\n
Sinks and bathtubs made of polystyrene ten times lighter than metal, covered with a silicate enamel, have a nice colouring and fully meet the requirements of sanitation and hygiene.<\/p>\n
Phenolic plastics represent a large group of plastics. They are durable, resistant to high temperatures, acids, alkalis and organic solvents. Heat resistance of phenolic plastic is quite high \u2014 about 100-200\u00b0 C, density of 1.3\u20141.8 g\/cm3 depending on the nature of the filler.<\/p>\n
From phenolic plastics produces frames for radios, televisions, vacuum cleaners, pens, various decorative details; fabric impregnated with phenolic resin, receive a high-strength material \u2014 laminated fabric used for upholstery.<\/p>\n
Plexiglas (organic glass) is currently the only plastic that can replace conventional silicate glass.<\/p>\n
High strength, amazing transparency (ignores 99% of visible rays, while the best quartz glass transmits only 33%), the ability to be painted in a variety of colors and the relative ease of manufacturing products allow the widespread use plexiglass for the manufacture of lighting fixtures.<\/p>\n
Organic glass is shatterproof, and being heated to 100\u00b0 C, easily molded. Its disadvantages compared to silicate glass, are the Flammability and softness \u2014 it is easily scratched.<\/p>\n
Plexiglass is softened at a temperature of about 100\u00b0 C and melts at a temperature of about 200\u00b0 C, it dissolves in acetone, dichloromethane, formic acid and glacial acetic acid, density plexiglass 1,18\u20141,20 g\/cm3, heat of 60-80\u00b0 C.<\/p>\n
Plexiglas produce a translucent milky color lampshades, lampshades, chandeliers, binoculars, unbreakable thermometers, buttons and a small amount of tubs and sinks.<\/p>\n
The aminoplasts for the manufacture of household products produced under the brands of A (transparent) and opaque.<\/p>\n
Release the aminoplast called mellit is a melamine-formaldehyde resin obtained by condensation of Mela – mine formaldehyde.<\/p>\n
The aminoplasts low resistance to hot water and a great receptivity to dye substances found in food (colored from fruit, juice, etc.); aminoplasts are resistant to acetone, chloroform, alcohol, gasoline, synthetic detergents, the density of aminoplasts of 1.4\u20141.8 g\/cm3, heat 90-130\u00b0 C.<\/p>\n
From aminoplasts brands and manufactures caskets, powder boxes, vases and other items, except for dishes.<\/p>\n
For the manufacture of the utensils used mellit, which is resistant to hot water and colored colorants in food products; tableware made of mellita the quality is not inferior porcelain and three times lighter.<\/p>\n
Laminates produced on the basis of melamine resin, is used for pasting of furniture, to cover dining tables; these plastics produce a variety of colors, they wash well with soap and water or soda, do not crack, do not darken and completely lose their original luster.<\/p>\n
Polyesters (piroplasma) in combination with statlonary – teli (fiberglass, glass Mat, fiberglass) used for the manufacture selenoproteomes furniture \u2014 armchairs, sofas, tables, chairs, cupboards and wardrobes.<\/p>\n
In the home of polyesters used Dacron, Dacron, lane, polyester Dacron, etc. has high insulating properties, significant abrasion, elasticity and water resistance; its melting point 260\u00b0 C.<\/p>\n
On the basis of produce Dacron tape, metalized film, used to make decorative garlands “rain”, well-dressed, sparkling silver<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Plastics are materials based on macromolecular compounds of natural or synthetic origin capable when heated and pressure molded and under normal conditions stable to retain the shape imparted to them. Synthetic plastics by type polymeric compounds are divided into thermoplastic and thermosetting. Thermoplastic plastics contain high molecular weight polymers or copolymers of linear structure, plasticizers, […]<\/p>\n